Artificial Humanities

A Fictional Perspective on Language in AI

Subjects: Media Studies, New Media, Literary Studies, Literary Criticism and Theory
Open Access : 9780472905324, 308 pages, 25 Illustrations, 6 x 9, November 2025
Paperback : 9780472057733, 308 pages, 25 Illustrations, 6 x 9, November 2025
Hardcover : 9780472077731, 308 pages, 25 Illustrations, 6 x 9, November 2025

The Open Access of this book is supported by the Berkeley Research Impact Initiative (BRII) sponsored by the UC Berkeley Library and Harvard Studies in Comparative Literature
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Using the humanities to thoughtfully approach the development of AI

Table of contents

List of Illustrations

Introduction: The Pygmalion Myth in Technology
What Is Artificial Humanities?
When Machine Speaks
The History of the Pygmalion Myth
When Galatea Speaks
Overview of the Book
Chapter 1: Inventing New Elizas
1.1 Shaw’s Heritage
1.2 The Turing Test
1.3 The Eliza Effect
1.4 Relationality
1.5 Becoming Human
1.6 Language-Centeredness in AI
1.7 Machine Speech Training
1.8 Artificial Humanities: Language Enhancement
Chapter 2: Illusions of Social Robotics
2.1 Social Robots: Hanson’s Sophia
2.2 Pygmalion’s Perspective
2.2.1 Context: Makavejev
2.2.2 Periphery: Šeligo
2.3 Both Sides Now: Nešković
2.4 Galatea’s Perspective
2.4.1 Speak, Galatea: Feminist Authors
2.5 Nonhuman Perception: Lem
2.6 Artificial Humanities: In Search of the Nonhuman
2.6.1 Linguistic Execution: Jonze
2.6.2 Visual Execution: Garland
Chapter 3: Pygmalionism and Paralysis in Medical Ethics
3.1 Pygmalionism in the Medical and Legal Literature
3.1.1 Literary References
3.1.2 Sexology
3.1.3 Law
3.1.4 Psychology
3.2 Modern Pygmalions
3.2.1 Virtual Beings
3.2.2 Pygmalionesque Psychotherapy: Gillespie
3.3 Galatean Paralysis
3.3.1 Moore
3.3.2 Sheldon
3.4 Literature and Medical Ethics
3.4.1 Locked-in: Vigand and Bauby
3.4.2 Asimov and Technology Ethics
3.5 Artificial Humanities: Building Ethically
Chapter 4: Language in Humans, Hybrids, and Machines
4.1 Humans: A Conceptual History of Language
4.1.1 A Commentary on Human Exclusivity in Language
4.2 Hybrids: Shelley
4.3 Machines: Powers
4.4 Artificial Humanities: Changing Concepts
Chapter 5: Machine Writing
5.1 Large Language Models
5.1.1 Structure is All You Need
5.2 Literary Market: Dahl
5.3 Literary Criticism: Tomažin
5.4 Writing Literature: Kehlmann and Allado-McDowell
5.5 Artificial Humanities: Centering Fiction
Conclusion: A Program for Artificial Humanities
6.1 AI Tropes
6.2 What Artificial Humanities Offers to STEM
6.3 The Role of Literary Studies

Notes
Bibliography
Index

Description

Artificial Humanities explores how literature, history, and art can deepen our understanding of artificial intelligence and its development. By examining fictional representations of AI in parallel with actual technological developments, Nina Beguš presents a novel interdisciplinary framework for understanding the cultural, philosophical, and ethical dimensions of AI. She traces connections from Eliza Doolittle to ELIZA the chatbot and current language models, incorporates Slavic fictional examples from the Pygmalion paradigm, and compares mid-century science fiction and recent Hollywood films with contemporary developments in social robotics and virtual beings.

Highlighting the impact of human-like AI design, from gendered virtual assistants to romanticized social robots, the book shows how these technologies intersect with longstanding humanistic questions about the concepts of creativity and language as well as the relations between humans and machines. Additionally, the book explores AI’s applications in medical fields, particularly psychiatry and neurotechnology, including how AI interacts with the human body and mind to address conditions like paralysis. By emphasizing the philosophical and cultural implications of these technologies, Beguš highlights the need for responsible innovation that prioritizes human well-being as well as machine potential outside of human imitation. Accessible and thought-provoking, Artificial Humanities offers tools for analyzing and assessing technologies while they are being developed and invites readers to see how the humanities can guide us toward a more thoughtful future for AI.

Nina Beguš is Researcher and Lecturer at the Center for Science, Technology, Medicine & Society at the University of California, Berkeley.

“Focusing on the Pygmalion effect—taking a technological artifact for a human—Artificial Humanities makes a passionate plea for humanities and technologists to work more closely together. Arguing that stories affect what we imagine and think, Nina Beguš makes a compelling case for the importance of literary representations to our technological futures. Clearly written with a sweeping account of technological innovations from the eighteenth century to the present, Artificial Humanities should be required for anyone interested in AI and beyond.”

- N. Katherine Hayles, Bacteria to AI: Human Futures with Our Nonhuman Symbionts

Artificial Humanities addresses a crucial, until now overlooked, bridge between literary history and theories of artificial intelligence. The dialogue Beguš establishes between literary analysis and emerging questions around AI and LLMs enriches the humanities and engineering alike, and suggests further lines of inquiry in digital humanities, media studies, and the history of science and technology.”

- Bernard Dionysius Geoghegan, Code: From Information Theory to French Theory

“The scope and ambition of Artificial Humanities is impressive. Beguš skillfully carves out a new subject area and brings together fields such as philosophy of language, AI ethics, science and technology studies, and literature and technology. This book has the potential to unite that work and prove the relevance of humanities scholarship to artificial intelligence.”

- Megan Ward, Seeming Human: Artificial Intelligence and Victorian Realist Character

“Reading this book provides the same pleasure one feels when a complicated proof suddenly resolves into a clean idea. The humanities are not late to AI; they have been there all along, hiding in the metaphors. Artificial Humanities gives them a proper role, not as ornamental critics but as collaborators in building systems that expand rather than shrink our imagination.”

- The One Percent Rule

2025 Artificiality Book Award Winner

- Artificiality Institute

The book reads as an adventure. It is impressive and so enlightening. It comes as a compass to follow how the creations of artificial beings, in works of fiction, myths and technological productions, have endlessly haunted one another.

- Pierre Huyghe, Artist of Idiom

“The book stands out as a timely and foundational work. . . It positions “Artificial Humanities” as a potentially central discipline that will require ongoing negotiation and conceptualization by scholars in the literature, culture, and media, as well as by AI researchers and designers, in dialog with the rapidly expanding field of critical AI studies. Beguš compellingly shows why understanding AI today and shaping its future require precisely the kinds of knowledge the humanities have to offer.”

- Nana Ariel, AI & Society

“Beguš shows the possibilities in a deep archive of cultural representations of artificial intelligence. . .  This is the major contribution of Artificial Humanities. The book joins many critiques of anthropomorphization in disputing “the idea of a machinic intelligence as a humanlike intelligence” (210). It stands out in strongly arguing that fictional narratives provide us with warnings about the inevitable disappointments and disasters when we conflate the two.”

- James E. Dobson, Critical AI

Artificial Humanities offers something rare: a mythology-first approach that treats cultural narratives as infrastructural determinants of technical design.”

- Ling Zi, Configurations

“Scholars in the humanities who wrestle with how to meaningfully engage with AI will find this study invigorating and hopeful. . . Recommended.”

- S. Casey, Choice

Read: Review in Clarín | May 9, 2026

Read: Review in AI & Society | May 11, 2026

Watch: Interview on BBC News | April 23, 2026

Read: Review in Critical AI | April 1, 2026

Listen: Interview on the Humans + AI podcast | April 1, 2026

Watch: Interview on the Artificiality Institute's Stay Human podcast | March 29, 2026

Read: Interview on Nick Hilden's Substack | March 21, 2026

Listen: Interview on The Deep Dive podcast | January 29, 2026

Read: Review in The One Percent Rule | January 7, 2026

Read: Interview in Strašno Hudi | December 30, 2025

Read: Interview in UC Berkeley News | December 1, 2025

Read: Interview The Science of Fiction | November 28, 2025

Read: Review in The Last Analogue | October 21, 2025

Read: Interview in ArtHum | October 20, 2025

Read: Article in Harvard's Colloquy | March 14, 2025
Listen: New Books Network Interview | June 3, 2024
Read: Article in Scientific American | May 16, 2024
Listen or Read: Interview with 96 Layers | November 17, 2023
Read: Interview in Napkin Poetry Review | 2023
Read: Article in Scientific American | October 2, 2023
Read: Article in Culture of Dialogue (p. 77) | January 2023