Table of Contents
Introduction to the Fourth Edition
Unit One: An Approach to Academic Writing
Introduction to Academic Writing
Writing Strategies
Audience
Language Focus: Definitions, Naming Statements , and Audience
Purpose and Strategy
Organization
Style
Language Focus: The Vocabulary Shift—Verbs
Flow
Language Focus: Common Stylistic Features
Language Focus: This and Summary Phrases
Language Focus: Transition Words and Linking Phrases
Language Focus: Simple and Complex Noun Phrases (NPs)
Presentation
Positioning
Unit Two: Moving from General to Specific and Other Approaches to Organizing Information
General-to-specific Organization
Language Focus: Verbs in Defining and Naming
Starting a Text with General Statements
Language Focus: Verbs in Defining and Naming
Using Statistics in Opening Sentences
Expanding or Unpacking Points in a Text
Exemplification
Definitions to Unpack or Expand a Point
Classification
Compare and Contrast
Causes and Effects
Effect and Cause
Specific to General
Unit Three: Problem, Process, and Solution
The Structure of Problem-Solution Texts
Providing Background
Introducing the Problem
Introducing the Solution
Language Focus: Adverb Placement
Procedures and Processes
Language Focus: -ing Clauses to Indicate Cause and Effect
Language Focus: Process Descriptions and Passive Voice
Flow of Ideas in a Process Description
Participles
Active Voice in Process Descriptions
Language Focus: Indirect Questions
Unit Four: Data Commentary and Commentary on Other Visuals
Introduction to Visualization and Commentaries
Strength of Claim
The Structure of a Data Commentary
Element 1: Location Statements and Summaries
Summary + Location Element with Passive Voice
Language Focus: Verbs in Indicative and Informative Location Statements
Language Focus: Linking as Clauses
Element 2: Highlighting Statements
Language Focus: Stance and Strength of Claim
Language Focus: Specific Ways of Moderating or Qualifying a Claim
Making Comparisons
Language Focus: Comparisons
Element 3: Concluding Observations
Language Focus: Dealing with Unexpected Outcomes or “Problems”
Dealing with Graphs
Dealing with Chronological Data
Language Focus: Prepositions of Time
Unit Five: Writing Summaries
Importance of Summary Writing
Considerations before Writing a Summary
Some Notes on Plagiarism
Paraphrasing
Careful Use of Synonyms
Language Focus: Identifying the Source in a Summary
Language Focus: Summary Reminder Phrases
Synthesizing Several Sources
Language Focus: Showing Similarities and Differences
Unit Six: Writing Reactions and Critiques
Introduction to Critique and Evaluation
Critical Reading
Language Focus: Indicating Your Perspective
Evaluating a Published Article
Language Focus: Unreal Conditionals
Language Focus: Evaluative Language
Language Focus: Evaluative Language Across the Disciplines
Book Reviews
Language Focus: Evaluative Language Across the Disciplines Revisited
Language Focus: Scare Quotes
Writing a Book Review for a Course Assignment
Language Focus: Emphasizing Points via Inversions
A Few Thoughts on Manuscript Reviews for a Journal
Unit Seven: Constructing a Research Paper I
Introduction to Research Paper Writing
Types of Journal Publications
Pre-Registered Reports
Overview of the Research Paper Structure
Writing the Methods Section
Language Focus: Linking Phrases in Methods
Writing the Results Section
Data versus Results
Language Focus: Revisiting Location Statements
Language Focus: Framing Findings
Language Focus: Framing Findings Through Comparisons
Commentary in Results Sections
The Organization of Results
 Unit Eight: Constructing a Research Paper II
Introduction to Writing the Final Parts of a Research Paper
Introductions
Introduction Moves
Notes on the Introduction Model
Waves of Meaning
Claiming Centrality in Move 1
Reviewing the Literature
Motives for Citing the Literature
Language Focus: Citation and Tense
Variation in Reviewing the Literature
Move 2—Establishing the Niche
Language Focus: Negative Openings in Move 2
Cumulative and Recycling Move 2s
Occupying the Niche
Language Focus: Tense and Purpose Statements
Completing an Introduction
Announcing Principal Findings
Stating Value
Outlining the Structure of a Text
Discussion Sections
A Possible Move Structure of Discussion Sections
Notes on the Discussion Move Structure
Language Focus: Levels of Generalization
Limitations in Discussions
Language Focus: Expressions of Limitations
Unfinished Business
Titles
Abstracts

References
Index